PMC

Effect of Ginaton on bloody stool in DSS-induced acute experimental colitis. Normal control group (A, saline), Ginaton group (B, Ginaton), Ginaton treatment group (C, DSS + 300 mg/kg Ginaton) and DSS group (D, DSS + saline). Mice of normal control group and Ginaton group had no bloody around anus. There were lots of bloody stool adhering to the anus of mice in DSS group, but little bloody stool was found around the anus of mice in Ginaton treatment group. These pictures showed that Ginaton could improve the degree of bloody stool in DSS-induced acute experimental colitis.

Variables and calculations related to the reconstruction of the morbidity pyramids. Variables A–F denote the following general probabilities, which are common for all pathogens: A probability of visiting a GP if having bloody diarrhea; B probability of having to submit a stool sample to a GP if having bloody diarrhea; C probability of visiting a GP if having non-bloody diarrhea; D probability of having to submit a stool sample to a GP if having non-bloody diarrhea; E probability of submitting a stool sample if hospitalized; F probability that a positive test result is reported. Variables G–J denote the following pathogen-specific probabilities: G probability of the submitted stool sample being analyzed (GP); H probability of the submitted stool sample being analyzed (hospital); I probability that the test will detect pathogen; J probability of having bloody diarrhea. p denotes an indexation of the pathogens. GP general practitioner

Proportion of patients with bloody diarrhea who received a rapid stool PCR test over time (P chart).

Diarrhea deaths are split into subsets of cases with/without both fever and bloody stool, as well as typhoid and paratyphoid fever deaths. We defined pneumonia deaths using ICD-10 codes A37, H65-H68, H70, H71, J00-J22, J32, J36, J85, J86, P23, or U04. We defined diarrhea deaths using ICD-10 codes A00, A02-A09, and distinguished further based on symptoms reported in the VA (deaths exhibiting both fever and bloody stool; deaths not exhibiting both fever and bloody stool). We defined typhoid and paratyphoid fever deaths using ICD-10 code A01. Each horizontal axis represents an average yearly span from April to April. We determined seasonal patterns using monthly counts of death and modeled using Poisson regression. Rate ratios (RR) are calculated within each disease and are compared to annual minimum mortality in the month of April.
10.7554/eLife.46202.012Figure 3—source data 1.Monthly predicted values and rate ratios of the average annual pattern of pneumonia (total), diarrhea (by symptom profile; with fever and bloody stool, without fever and bloody stool), and typhoid/paratyphoid fever (total) mortality.